In Erlang, data types are categorized into several basic and compound types. Basic data types include atoms, integers, floats, binaries, and references. Atoms are used to represent constants and are similar to enumerated types in other languages. Integers can be of arbitrary length, and floats represent real numbers. Binaries are used to handle sequences of bytes, which are useful for network data and file I/O.
Compound data types in Erlang include tuples, lists, and maps. Tuples are ordered collections of elements with fixed length, enclosed in curly braces {}. For example, {apple, 1, 3.14} is a tuple containing an atom, an integer, and a float. Lists are ordered collections of elements with variable length, enclosed in square brackets []. They can contain elements of any type, including other lists, and are used extensively in Erlang for recursion and pattern matching. An example of a list is [1, 2, 3, apple].
Maps are collections of key-value pairs, where keys are unique and can be of any type that is comparable. Maps are defined using the #{"key" => value} syntax. For instance, #{name => "John", age => 30} is a map with two key-value pairs.
Erlang also supports functions as first-class citizens, meaning they can be passed as arguments, returned from other functions, and assigned to variables.
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