What are the data types in Rust?

In Rust, there are several fundamental data types that can be categorized into scalar and compound types.

Scalar Types:

1. Integers: Signed and unsigned integers with various bit sizes (e.g., i8, u16, i32, u64).
   • Example: let x: i32 = 5;
2. Floating-point numbers: Represent real numbers with decimal points.
   • Example: let y: f64 = 3.14;
3. Booleans: Represent truth values.
   • Example: let is_true: bool = true;
4. Characters: Represent single Unicode scalar values.
   • Example: let c: char = 'A';

Compound Types:

1. Arrays: Fixed-size sequences of elements of the same type.
   • Example: let array: [i32; 5] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
2. Tuples: Ordered collections of elements of possibly different types.
   • Example: let tuple: (i32, f64, char) = (1, 3.14, 'A');
3. Structs: Custom data types that can group different kinds of data.
   • Example:

     struct Point {
         x: i32,
         y: i32,
     }
     let p = Point { x: 1, y: 2 };
     

4. Enums: Types that can have a fixed set of values.
   • Example:

     enum Color {
         Red,
         Green,
         Blue,
     }
     let color = Color::Red;
     

Reference Types:

1. References: Pointers to data without taking ownership.
   • Example: let reference = &x;
2. Slices: References to a contiguous sequence of elements in an array or vector.
   • Example: let slice = &array[1..3];

Smart Pointers:

1. Box: Allocate values on the heap.
   • Example: let boxed_value = Box::new(5);
2. Rc: Reference-counted pointers for shared ownership.
   • Example: let rc_value = Rc::new(5);
3. Arc: Atomically reference-counted pointers for multi-threaded shared ownership.
   • Example: let arc_value = Arc::new(5);

Rust's type system is designed to ensure memory safety and performance, with a strong emphasis on ownership and borrowing rules.

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