How to use object-oriented programming in Swift?

Object-oriented programming (OOP) in Swift involves using classes, structures, and enumerations to model real-world objects and their interactions. Here's a brief explanation with examples:

Classes

Classes are reference types that can have properties and methods. They can also inherit properties and methods from another class.

Example:

class Vehicle {
    var numberOfWheels = 0
    var description: String {
        return "\(numberOfWheels) wheel(s)"
    }
}

class Bicycle: Vehicle {
    init() {
        super.init()
        numberOfWheels = 2
    }
}

let bicycle = Bicycle()
print(bicycle.description)  // Output: 2 wheel(s)

Structures

Structures are value types that can also have properties and methods, but they are passed by value rather than by reference.

Example:

struct Point {
    var x: Int
    var y: Int
}

var point1 = Point(x: 1, y: 2)
var point2 = point1
point2.x = 3
print(point1.x)  // Output: 1
print(point2.x)  // Output: 3

Enumerations

Enumerations allow you to define a set of related values.

Example:

enum Direction {
    case north, south, east, west
}

var currentDirection = Direction.north
currentDirection = .south

Protocols

Protocols define a blueprint of methods, properties, and other requirements that suit a particular task or piece of functionality.

Example:

protocol VehicleProtocol {
    var numberOfWheels: Int { get }
    func drive()
}

class Car: VehicleProtocol {
    var numberOfWheels: Int = 4
    
    func drive() {
        print("Driving the car")
    }
}

let car = Car()
car.drive()  // Output: Driving the car

Inheritance and Polymorphism

Inheritance allows a class to inherit properties and methods from another class, and polymorphism allows a subclass to provide its own implementation of methods that are inherited from a superclass.

Example:

class ElectricVehicle: Vehicle {
    var batteryCapacity: Int
    
    init(batteryCapacity: Int) {
        self.batteryCapacity = batteryCapacity
        super.init()
        numberOfWheels = 4
    }
    
    func charge() {
        print("Charging the battery")
    }
}

let electricCar = ElectricVehicle(batteryCapacity: 100)
electricCar.charge()  // Output: Charging the battery
print(electricCar.description)  // Output: 4 wheel(s)

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