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What are the differences between vector databases and traditional databases?

Vector databases and traditional databases differ primarily in their data models, indexing mechanisms, and use cases.

1. Data Model

  • Traditional Databases (Relational & NoSQL): Store structured or semi-structured data (e.g., tables, key-value pairs, documents). They handle exact matches, range queries, and SQL-based filtering.
  • Vector Databases: Store high-dimensional vector embeddings (numerical representations of unstructured data like text, images, or audio). They are optimized for similarity search rather than exact matches.

2. Querying Mechanism

  • Traditional Databases: Use exact or indexed lookups (e.g., WHERE id = 123 or WHERE age > 30). Performance is optimized for structured queries.
  • Vector Databases: Use approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search to find vectors most similar to a query vector (e.g., finding the most relevant image based on embedding).

3. Indexing

  • Traditional Databases: Rely on B-trees, hash indexes, or inverted indexes for fast lookups.
  • Vector Databases: Use specialized indexing techniques like HNSW (Hierarchical Navigable Small World), IVF (Inverted File Index), or PQ (Product Quantization) to efficiently search in high-dimensional spaces.

4. Use Cases

  • Traditional Databases: Best for transactional data (e.g., user accounts, orders), structured reporting, and CRUD operations.
  • Vector Databases: Ideal for AI/ML applications like semantic search, recommendation systems, image/video retrieval, and natural language processing (NLP).

Example

  • Traditional Database (e.g., PostgreSQL): Storing customer records and querying by customer_id or email.
  • Vector Database (e.g., Tencent Cloud VectorDB): Storing embeddings of product descriptions and retrieving the most similar products based on a user’s query using semantic matching.

For AI-driven applications requiring similarity search, Tencent Cloud VectorDB provides optimized performance, scalability, and integration with machine learning pipelines. It supports hybrid search (combining vector and keyword queries) and ensures low-latency retrieval for large-scale datasets.